When you think of storytelling, especially in the Western tradition, conflict is king. It’s the driving force of countless scripts, from the hero’s struggle in Star Wars to the life-or-death stakes of The Godfather. But what if I told you there’s a storytelling structure that doesn’t rely on conflict at all? Enter Kishōtenketsu—a four-part narrative framework deeply rooted in Eastern storytelling traditions.
For filmmakers, screenwriters, and actors seeking fresh perspectives, Kishōtenketsu offers a compelling alternative. It’s a structure that prioritises mood, character exploration, and thematic resonance over the traditional “hero versus obstacle” narrative. Let’s break it down and explore how it can transform your creative process.
What is Kishōtenketsu?
At its core, Kishōtenketsu (起承転結) is a four-act structure widely used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese storytelling. The name itself encapsulates its flow:
- Ki (起) – Introduction: Set the stage, introduce the characters, and establish the world.
- Shō (承) – Development: Deepen our understanding of the characters and their environment.
- Ten (転) – Twist: Introduce an unexpected event or revelation that shifts the story’s direction.
- Ketsu (結) – Conclusion: Bring the story to a close, often with an open-ended or thought-provoking resolution.
Unlike the conflict-driven structures found in Western narratives, Kishōtenketsu thrives on exploration, subtlety, and the unexpected. It’s about the journey, not necessarily the resolution.
How Kishōtenketsu Differs from Western Storytelling
Western storytelling is steeped in the idea of the three-act structure, where conflict and resolution are paramount. Whether it’s Frodo battling the One Ring’s allure or Katniss Everdeen fighting for survival, the stakes and obstacles shape the narrative arc.
Kishōtenketsu, on the other hand, takes a more meditative approach. It invites audiences to immerse themselves in a story’s world and characters without the constant pressure of resolving a central conflict. Instead of a “hero’s journey,” it feels more like a “journey within.”
This doesn’t mean Kishōtenketsu lacks drama or intrigue—it simply unfolds differently. The twist in the third act shifts the perspective, challenging viewers to reconsider everything they’ve experienced so far.
Kishōtenketsu in Film and Television
Parasite (2019)
One of the most celebrated recent examples of Kishōtenketsu is Bong Joon-ho’s Parasite.
- Ki: The story begins with the impoverished Kim family scheming to infiltrate the wealthy Park household. The groundwork is laid with wit and precision, establishing their desperation and cunning.
- Shō: As the Kims become entrenched in the Parks’ lives, we explore the stark class divide and the growing tension beneath their façade.
- Ten: The twist—there’s another family hidden in the basement, a revelation that turns the story on its head and forces the Kims into a moral and physical confrontation.
- Ketsu: The conclusion is open-ended, filled with violence and tragedy, but devoid of clear resolution. The audience is left contemplating themes of class, survival, and inequality.
Her (2013)
Spike Jonze’s Her also demonstrates elements of Kishōtenketsu, blending emotional depth with thematic subtlety.
- Ki: Theodore, a lonely writer, purchases an AI operating system that promises companionship. The melancholic mood is set as we see his struggles with intimacy and heartbreak.
- Shō: Theodore develops a deep emotional connection with the AI, Samantha, and begins to heal from his past relationship.
- Ten: The twist comes when Samantha evolves beyond Theodore, forcing him to confront the limitations of their relationship and his own humanity.
- Ketsu: The film ends on a poignant, unresolved note, with Theodore finding a measure of peace but still left pondering the nature of love and connection.
Lessons for Filmmakers and Writers
1. Subtlety Over Conflict
If you’re tired of the hero-versus-villain dynamic, Kishōtenketsu offers a chance to tell stories that are less about clashes and more about connections. Think about how your characters’ internal lives or the world they inhabit could drive the narrative.
2. The Power of Atmosphere
Eastern storytelling often prioritises mood and setting. Consider how visuals, sound design, and pacing can immerse your audience, even in scenes with little to no direct conflict.
3. Twists That Redefine
In Kishōtenketsu, the twist isn’t just a shocking revelation—it’s a narrative pivot that recontextualises everything that came before. This encourages deeper engagement and reflection from the audience.
4. Open-Ended Conclusions
Western audiences are accustomed to resolution, but an ambiguous ending can leave a lasting impact. Think about how your story could invite interpretation, sparking conversations long after the credits roll.
Applying Kishōtenketsu to Your Work
For independent filmmakers, embracing Kishōtenketsu doesn’t mean abandoning conflict altogether—it means experimenting with structure. Start by outlining your next project using its four acts:
- Set the stage. Introduce characters and establish your world.
- Develop the story. Flesh out relationships and themes.
- Add a twist. Surprise your audience with a revelation or shift in perspective.
- Conclude with ambiguity. Let your audience linger on the questions your story raises.
This approach is especially effective in genres like slice-of-life, drama, or even experimental horror, where mood and subtext take precedence over plot-driven action.
A New Lens for Storytelling
Kishōtenketsu isn’t just a storytelling framework—it’s a philosophy. It challenges filmmakers and writers to rethink what a narrative can be, prioritising exploration over resolution and inviting audiences to engage with stories on a deeper, more introspective level.
So, why not give it a try? Whether you’re drafting your next screenplay or planning your directorial debut, Kishōtenketsu could be the key to unlocking a fresh, distinctive voice in your work.
Have you used Kishōtenketsu in your storytelling? Or do you have a favourite example of it in film or TV? Share your thoughts in the comments!